Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is closely associated with important Handheld Games Mattel New/Sealed pathologies including stroke, seizures and migraine.The mechanisms underlying SD in its various forms are still incompletely understood.Here we describe SD-like events in an invertebrate model, the ventilatory central pattern generator (CPG) of locusts.
Using K(+) -sensitive microelectrodes, we measured extracellular K(+) concentration ([K(+)](o)) in the metathoracic neuropile of the CPG while monitoring CPG output electromyographically from muscle 161 in the second abdominal segment to investigate the role K(+) in failure of neural circuit operation induced by various stressors.Failure of ventilation in response to different stressors (hyperthermia, anoxia, ATP depletion, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase impairment, K(+) injection) was associated with a disturbance of CNS ion homeostasis that shares the characteristics of CSD and SD-like events in vertebrates.Hyperthermic failure was preconditioned by prior heat shock (3 h, 45 degrees C) and induced-thermotolerance was associated with an increase in the rate of clearance of extracellular K(+) that was not linked to changes in ATP levels or total Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity.
Our findings suggest that SD-like events in locusts are adaptive to Ball - Bat - Wood terminate neural network operation and conserve energy during stress and that they can be preconditioned by experience.We propose that they share mechanisms with CSD in mammals suggesting a common evolutionary origin.